« Factbook Table of Contents

9. Research Grants

• NHLBI Research Grants by Funding Mechanism: Fiscal Year 2008
• NHLBI Research Project Grant, Research Centers Grant, and Other Research Grant Obligations: Fiscal Years 1998–2008
• NHLBI Competing Research Project Grant Applications: Fiscal Years 1998–2008
• NHLBI Investigator-Initiated and Institute-Initiated Grant Obligations: Fiscal Years 1998–2008
• NHLBI Research Project Grants: Amount Funded by Type of Award, Fiscal Years 1998–2008
• NHLBI Research Project Grants: Average Costs, Fiscal Years 1998–2008
• NHLBI Cooperative Agreements (U01 and U10) Programs

NHLBI Research Grants by Funding Mechanism:  Fiscal Year 2008

NHLBI Total Research Grants by Category

Text-only with data points

NHLBI Research Project Grant,* Research Centers Grant, and Other Research Grant Obligations:  Fiscal Years 1998–2008

Text-only with data points are represented in the table below.

^*   Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R21, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R33 beginning in 2001; DP2 and U19 beginning in 2007; and DP1 and R00 beginning in 2008.
^** Includes Research Career Programs; excludes General Research Support Grants.

NHLBI Research Project Grants,* Research Centers Grants, and Other Research Grant Obligations:  Fiscal Years 1998–2008

Dollars (Thousands)

^*  Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R21, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R33 beginning in 2001; DP2 and U19 beginning in 2007; and DP1 and R00 beginning in 2008.
^** Includes Research Career Programs; excludes General Research Support Grants.

NHLBI Competing Research Project Grant Applications:* Fiscal Years 1998–2008

Number Reviewed and Awarded

Text-only with data points are represented in the table below.

Number Reviewed and Awarded and Percent Funded

^*   Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R21, R29, and R37; R33 beginning in 2001; DP2 and U19 beginning in 2007; and DP1 and R00 beginning in 2008.

Percent of Reviewed Applications Funded (Success Rate)

Text-only with data points are represented in the table above.

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated and Institute-Initiated Grant Obligations:  Fiscal Years 1998–2008

Text-only with data points are represented in the table below.

^*  Includes RPGs, SBIRs/STTRs, Research Career Programs, and Other Research.
^** Includes RPGs, Centers Grants, Research Career Programs, Other Research, and Cooperative Agreement RFAs.

NHLBI Investigator-Initiated and Institute-Initiated Grant Obligations:  Fiscal Years 1998–2008

Dollars (Millions)

^*  Includes RPGs, SBIRs/STTRs, Research Career Programs, and Other Research.
^** Includes RPGs, Centers Grants, Research Career Programs, Other Research, and Cooperative Agreement RFAs.

NHLBI Research Project Grants:*  Amount Funded by Type of Award, Fiscal Years 1998–2008

Dollars (Millions)

^*  Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R21, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R33 beginning in 2001; DP2 and U19 beginning in 2007; and DP1 and R00 beginning in 2008.

Facility and Administrative (F&A) Costs of NHLBI Research Project Grants:* Fiscal Years 1998–2008

Dollars (Thousands)

^*  Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R21, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R33 beginning in 2001; DP2 and U19 beginning in 2007; and DP1 and R00 beginning in 2008.
^** Excludes Program Evaluation Assessment of $1,216,000.

NHLBI Research Project Grants:*  Average Costs, Fiscal Years 1998–2008

Text-only with data points are represented in the table below.

^* Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R21, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R33 beginning in 2001; DP2 and U19 beginning in 2007; and DP1 and R00 beginning in 2008.

NHLBI Research Project Grants:*  Average Costs, Fiscal Years 1998–2008

Dollars (Thousands)

^* Includes R01, U01, P01, R03, R15, R21, R29, R37, R41, R42, R43, and R44; R33 beginning in 2001; DP2 and U19 beginning in 2007; and DP1 and R00 beginning in 2008.

NHLBI Cooperative Agreements (U01, U10) Programs

Cooperative Agreements were instituted to support discrete, circumscribed projects in areas of an investigator's specific interest and competency with substantial programmatic participation by the NHLBI during performance of the activity.

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Heart and Vascular Diseases Program

AIM HIGH: Niacin Plus Statin To Prevent Vascular Events, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this multicenter clinical trial is to determine whether extended-release niacin plus simvastatin is superior to simvastatin alone for preventing or delaying a major CVD event in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Niacin is used to raise HDL ("good") cholesterol and simvastatin is used to lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol. Twenty-seven percent of the population will be from minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$1,380,228
Fiscal Years 2005–2007— $13,005,383
Total Funding to Date—$14,385,611

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Washington
   Seattle, Washington—HL-081616
2. AXIO Research, LLC
   Seattle, Washington—HL-081649

Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetics (BARI 2D), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2000

The purpose of this trial is to compare alternative treatment strategies for managing patients with type 2 diabetes with angiographically proven coronary artery disease and stable angina or ischemia. Revascularization combined with aggressive medical anti-ischemia treatment is being compared to aggressive medical anti-ischemia treatment alone; simultaneously, researchers seek to determine whether insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin and the glitazones for controlling blood sugar level offer any survival advantage over drugs that increase insulin level. Thirty-three percent of the patients are from minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$1,955,667
Fiscal Years 2000–2007—$55,096,975
Total Funding to Date—$57,052,642

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Pittsburgh
   Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—HL-061744
2. St. Louis University
   St. Louis, Missouri—HL-061746
3. Stanford University
   Stanford, California—HL-061748

Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2007

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Events Follow-Up Study, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this project is to continue follow-up of the CHS cohort for cardiovascular events in order to enhance power among subgroups to study associations of CVD risk factors and incidence and prognosis following CVD events in older adults. The additional events will permit greater opportunity to address the study aims by CHS investigators and other researchers interested in making use of the study's extensive database and specimens. Seventeen percent of the participants are from minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$1,353,530
Fiscal Years 2005–2007—$3,208,255
Total Funding to Date—$4,561,785

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. University of Washington
   Seattle, Washington—HL-080295

Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this trial is to determine whether revascularization of a stenotic renal artery plus medical therapy is associated with improved clinical outcomes compared with medical therapy alone. Twenty-three percent of the participants will be from minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$3,269,101
Fiscal Years 2004–2007—$18,144,173
Total Funding to Date—$21,413,274

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Toledo Health
   Sciences Campus
   Toledo, Ohio—HL-071556
2. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
   Minneapolis, Minnesota—HL-072734
3. University of Virginia
   Charlottesville, Virginia—HL-072735
4. Mid-America Heart Institute of
   St. Luke Hospital
   Kansas City, Missouri—HL-072736
5. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-072737

Claudication Exercise vs. Edoluminal Revascularization, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that a strategy of aortoiliac stenting and pharmacotherapy improves maximum walking duration better than a strategy of supervised rehabilitation, exercise, and pharmacotherapy for those with aortoiliac artery obstruction at 6 months. Other objectives are to compare the two treatment groups with a third group, usual care and pharmacotherapy, at 6 months, and to compare maximum walking duration change scores at 18 months, changes in free living daily activity levels, and patient-perceived quality of life among all three groups.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$0
Fiscal Years 2005–2007—$4,745,409
Total Funding to Date—$4,745,409

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Rhode Island Hospital
   Providence, Rhode Island—HL-077221
2. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-081656

Clinical Research Consortium To Improve Resuscitation Outcomes, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2004

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Community-Responsive Intervention To Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in American Indians and Alaska Natives, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Design and Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this program is to develop and test innovative, informative, and cost-effective study designs and analytical strategies to perform genome-wide association studies on complex diseases. Strategies and tools developed through the program will be made available to the scientific community.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$1,759,053
Fiscal Years 2006–2007—$3,538,913
Total Funding to Date—$5,297,966

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Chicago
   Chicago, Illinois—HL-084689
2. Cornell University Ithaca
   Ithaca, New York—HL-084706
3. University of Chicago
   Chicago, Illinois—HL-084715
4. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
   Ann Arbor, Michigan—HL-084729
5. University of Maryland, Baltimore
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-084756
6. Translational Genomics Research Institute
   Phoenix, Arizona—HL-086528

Dynamic Evaluation of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1997

This program, which complements prior NHLBI percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) registries and the New Approaches to Coronary Intervention Registry, is evaluating patterns of device usage, as well as immediate and follow-up outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary revascularization. Results will provide guidance to the cardiology community in selecting appropriate therapies and in designing clinical trials to evaluate competing devices.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$748,083
Fiscal Years 1997–2007—$6,180,419
Total Funding to Date—$6,928,502

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. University of Pittsburgh
   Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—HL-033292

Family Blood Pressure Program, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1995

The objectives of this program are to identify major genes associated with high blood pressure and to investigate the interactions between genetic and environmental determinants of hypertension in defined populations, many of which consist of specific minority groups. The study consists of collaborative networks that share technology, data, skills, biological materials, and population resources.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$661,448
Fiscal Years 1995–2007—$96,943,741
Total Funding to Date—$97,605,189

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Utah
   Salt Lake City, Utah—HL-054471
2. Washington University
   St. Louis, Missouri—HL-054473
3. University of Texas
   Health Science Center
   Houston, Texas—HL-054481
4. Pacific Health Research Institute
   Honolulu, Hawaii—HL-054498
5. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
   Ann Arbor, Michigan—HL-054512

Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska Natives (GOCADAN), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2000

The purpose of this study is to document CVD and CVD risk factors in approximately 40 extended families (1,214 members from villages in Northern Alaska). Scientists seek to identify and characterize genes that contribute to CVD in this unique and understudied population.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$2,057,625
Fiscal Years 2000–2007—$13,867,724
Total Funding to Date—$15,925,349

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. MedStar Research Institute
   Hyattsville, Maryland—HL-064244
2. Norton Sound Health Corporation
   Nome, Alaska—HL-082458
3. Southwest Foundation for
   Biomedical Research
   San Antonio, Texas—HL-082490

Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise (HF-ACTION), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this trial is to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of exercise training for patients with heart failure. Patients receiving the exercise regimen also will receive standard care and will be compared with patients receiving standard care alone. Thirty-eight percent of the participants are from minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$652,481
Fiscal Years 2002–2007—$36,964,599
Total Funding to Date—$37,617,080

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Duke University
   Durham, North Carolina—HL-063747

Heart Failure Clinical Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

IMMEDIATE Trial: Immediate Myocardial Metabolic Enhancement During Initial Assessment and Treatment in Emergency Care, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this program is to study the effects of early administration of glucose, insulin, and potassium (GIK) in reducing mortality in patients from acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Patients experiencing an ACS (including AMI and unstable angina pectoris) will be treated with GIK as soon as possible in prehospital emergency medical service settings or immediately upon arrival for those presenting to emergency departments.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$0
Fiscal Years 2004–2007—$25,650,639
Total Funding to Date—$25,650,639

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Tufts Medical Center
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-077821
2. State University of New York
   Stony Brook, New York—HL-077822
3. Tufts Medical Center
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-077823
4. Tufts Medical Center
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-077826

Improved Measures of Diet and Physical Activity for the Genes and Environment Initiative, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2007

The purpose of this program is to support the development of technology to make precise, quantitative measurements of personal exposure to environmental chemical or biological agents, diet, physical activity, and psychosocial stress.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$2,218,516
Fiscal Year 2007—$2,632,681
Total Funding to Date—$4,851,197

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Pittsburgh
   Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—HL-091736
2. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
   Cambridge, Massachusetts—HL-091737
3. Princeton Multimedia Technologies
   Corporation
   Princeton, New Jersey—HL-091738

Network for Cardiothoracic Surgical Investigation in Cardiovascular Medicine, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2007

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

NHLBI Clinical Proteomics Program, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this program is to promote systematic, comprehensive, large-scale validation of existing and new candidate protein markers that are appropriate for routine use in the diagnosis and management of heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders. The Program will facilitate validation of protein panels that may be used to predict disease susceptibility or to assist in differential diagnosis, disease staging, selection of individualized therapies, or monitoring of treatment responses. It will also establish a high-quality education and skills development program to ensure that scientists develop the expertise needed to address the complex, multifaceted challenges in clinical proteomics.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$1,697,669
Fiscal Years 2005–2007—$14,945,281
Total Funding to Date—$16,642,950

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
   Rochester, Minnesota —HL-081331
2. Vanderbilt University
   Nashville, Tennessee—HL-081332
3. University of Colorado
   Denver, Colorado—HL-081335
4. Massachusetts General Hospital
   Boston, Massachusetts —HL-081341

Occluded Artery Trial (OAT), Initiated in Fiscal Year 1999

The purpose of this study is to determine whether percutaneous revascularization to open an occluded artery within a few days or as long as a month following an acute MI in asymptomatic patients improves their outcome. Although the benefits of early restoration of blood flow following an acute MI have been well-established, it is not known whether later intervention is also beneficial. The trial is in its follow-up phase.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$1,276,603
Fiscal Years 1999–2007—$18,676,892
Total Funding to Date—$19,953,495

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. New York University
   School of Medicine
   New York, New York—HL-062509
2. Maryland Medical Research
   Institute, Inc
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-062511

Partnership Programs To Reduce Cardiovascular Health Disparities, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2004

The objectives of this study are to improve the provider and patient approaches to treatment of hypertension and diabetes, modify physician-related barriers to minority enrollment in clinical trials, improve patient adherence to treatment plans, and build sustainable research programs at minority-serving institutions.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$7,021,298
Fiscal Years 2004–2007—$28,259,603
Total Funding to Date—$35,280,901

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Bon Secours Hospital Baltimore, Inc.
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-079150
2. University of Maryland
   Baltimore Professional School
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-079151
3. Queen's Medical Center
   Honolulu, Hawaii—HL-079152
4. Cooper Green Hospital
   Birmingham, Alabama—HL-079153
5. Emory University
   Atlanta, Georgia—HL-079156
6. Denver Health and Hospital Authority
   Denver, Colorado—HL-079160
7. University of Hawaii at Manoa
   Honolulu, Hawaii—HL-079163
8. University of Alabama at Birmingham
   Birmingham, Alabama—HL-079171
9. University of Colorado
   Health Sciences Center
   Denver, Colorado—HL-079208
10. Morehouse School of Medicine
    Atlanta, Georgia—HL-079214
11. Jackson Hinds Comprehensive
    Health Center
    Jackson, Mississippi—HL-079378
12. University of Mississippi
    Medical Center
    Jackson, Mississippi—HL-079458

Pediatric Heart Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Pharmacogenetics Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2001

The purpose of this study is to establish a network to systematically evaluate candidate genes that may influence pharmacologic response to drug treatments for arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, and lipid disorders. Investigators seek to identify gene polymorphisms capable of predicting drug toxicity and efficacy. One of the projects has 38 percent minority participation.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$5,592,456
Fiscal Years 2001–2007—$57,295,500
Total Funding to Date—$62,887,956

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Vanderbilt University
   Nashville, Tennessee—HL-065962
2. Children's Hospital and Research Center
   Oakland, California—HL-069757
3. Stanford University
   Stanford, California—GM-061374

Practice-Based Opportunity for Weight Reduction (POWER) Trials,^* Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

*Formerly known as Weight-Loss in Obese Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of four diets low in saturated fat and differing in macronutrient composition on weight loss and its maintenance in 800 overweight or obese adults. The diet consists of moderate fat (40 percent energy) or low fat (20 percent energy) with two different protein levels (15 and 25 percent). Seventeen percent of the participants are from minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$662,200
Fiscal Years 2003–2007—$6,779,823
Total Funding to Date—$7,442,023

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Harvard School of Public Health
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-073286

Programs in Gene Environmental Interactions (PROGENI),^* Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this study is to identify novel genes that interact with specific environmental exposures to modify risk factors for heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders. The genetic aspects of response to environmental change and related biological mechanisms will be studied using short-term, focused interventions in black families. Subgroups will be identified based on genotypes that are most likely to benefit from targeted environmental changes designed to reduce the development or progression of heart, lung, and blood diseases or sleep disorders.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$1,773,599
Fiscal Years 2002–2007—$48,172,690
Total Funding to Date—$49,946,289

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Tulane University
   New Orleans, Louisiana—HL-072507
2. University of Maryland
   Baltimore Professional School
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-072515
3. Johns Hopkins University
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-072518
4. University of Alabama at Birmingham
   Birmingham, Alabama—HL-072524

*Formerly known as Interaction of Gene and Environment in Shaping Risk Factors for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases and Sleep Disorders.

Programs of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this program is to establish multidisciplinary teams to develop nanotechnology and biomolecular engineering tools and methodologies to detect and analyze atherosclerotic plaque formation. The program presents an unique opportunity for research collaboration and skills training by bring bioengineering and nanotechnology solutions into medicine and vice versa.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$10,975,656
Fiscal Years 2005–2007—$28,546,460
Total Funding to Date—$39,522,116

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Emory University
   Atlanta, Georgia—HL-080711
2. Burnham Institute for Medical Research
   La Jolla, California—HL-080718
3. Washington University
   St. Louis, Missouri—HL-080729
4. Massachusetts General Hospital
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-080731

Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study (SANDS), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

This study will address the high incidence of CVD in American Indians who have a high prevalence of diabetes, but relatively low levels of LDL cholesterol and blood pressure. It will compare aggressive lowering of LDL cholesterol and blood pressure to the usual care standard.

After 3 years of therapy, aggressive reduction of SBP and LDL-C resulted in regression of carotid artery intimal medial thickness (CIMT), whereas progression of CIMT was seen in the standard treatment group. In addition, a greater reduction of left ventricular mass was observed in the aggressively treated group. Further followup is planned to determine whether these improvements in subclinical cardiovascular endpoints will result in lower long-term cardiovascular event rates and favorable benefit-risk ratios.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$217,817
Fiscal Years 2002–2007— $11,276,341
Total Funding to Date—$11,494,158

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. MedStar Research Institute
   Hyattsville, Maryland—HL-067031

Strong Heart Study, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1988

The objectives of this study are to survey CVD morbidity and mortality rates among three geographically diverse groups of American Indians and to estimate their levels of CVD risk factors. Phases II and III of the cohort study extended surveillance of community mortality and assessed development of CVD and changes in CVD risk factors. In Phase III, investigators added a substudy of asthma and a pilot family study. Phase IV expanded the family study to 120 families comprising 3,600 members to investigate genetic and environmental contributors of CVD. Phase V will examine the family study cohort to assess genetic relationships to risk factor change over a 5‑year period.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$5,675,383
Fiscal Years 1988–2007—$64,156,449
Total Funding to Date—$69,831,832

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. MedStar Research Institute
   Hyattsville, Maryland—HL-041642
2. Missouri Breaks Research, Inc.
   Timberlake, South Dakota—HL-041652
3. University of Oklahoma
   Health Sciences Center
   Oklahoma City, Oklahoma—HL-041654
4. Southwest Foundation for
   Biomedical Research
   San Antonio, Texas—HL-065520
5. Weill Medical College of
   Cornell University
   New York, New York—HL-065521

Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this clinical trial is to determine whether CABG plus intensive medical therapy improves long-term survival of patients with heart failure and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction who have coronary artery disease amenable to surgical revascularization, compared to medical therapy alone; and to determine whether CABG plus surgical ventricular restoration to a more normal LV size improves survival free of subsequent hospitalizations of patients with anterior LV dysfunction, compared to CABG alone.

Obligations:

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$3,638,832
Fiscal Years 2002–2007—$34,442,239
Total Funding to Date—$38,081,071

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Thomas Jefferson University
   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—HL-069009
2. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
   Rochester, Minnesota—HL-069010
3. Duke University
   Durham, North Carolina—HL-069011
4. Northwestern University
   Chicago, Illinois—HL-069012
5. Duke University
   Durham, North Carolina—HL-069013
6. Duke University
   Durham, North Carolina—HL-069015
7. University of Southern California
   Los Angeles, California—HL-072683

Weight Loss Maintenance (WLM), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

The purpose of this multicenter trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of two strategies to maintain weight loss for 2½ years in approximately 800 overweight or obese adults. Individuals who are taking medication for hypertension of dyslipidemia or who are diabetic enter a 6-month weight program. Those who lose at least 9 pounds are randomized into one of three groups: one that provides monthly personal contacts with a trained interventionist, primarily by telephone; one that provides frequent contacts through an interactive Web-based program; or usual care. Forty percent of the participants will be black.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$145,082
Fiscal Years 2003–2007—$17,318,900
Total Funding to Date—$17,463,982

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Kaiser Foundation Research Institute
   Oakland, California—HL-068676

Lung Diseases Program

Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN) Phase II, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Centers for Reducing Asthma Disparities, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

The purpose of this study is to establish cooperative centers of research to reduce asthma disparities between whites and minorities and economically disadvantaged populations. The mission of the centers, comprising partnerships between minority-servicing medical institutions and research-intensive institutions, is to promote interdisciplinary investigation of factors that contribute to disparities in asthma, accelerate development and evaluation of strategies to promote effective asthma management among minority and economically disadvantaged populations, encourage training and career development for minority clinical research investigators, and improve the effectiveness of NHLBI-supported research-intensive institutions in developing and sustaining culturally appropriate research and demonstration activities on reducing disparities.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$145,000
Fiscal Years 2002–2007—$27,350,819
Total Funding to Date—$27,495,819

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Rhode Island Hospital
   Providence, Rhode Island—HL-072438
2. Hektoen Institute for Medical Research
   Chicago, Illinois—HL-072496

Childhood Asthma Management Program–Continuation Study (CAMP–CS)/Phase III, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2007

The objective of this observational study is to follow the original CAMP cohort for 4 more years (through ages 21–29) to determine clinical and genetic risk factors for patterns of lung function decline indicative of chronic air flow obstruction in later adulthood; 31 percent of the participants are from minority groups.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$1,965,954
Fiscal Year 2007—$2,077,278
Total Funding to Date—$4,043,232

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Washington University
   St. Louis, Missouri —HL-075232
2. Hospital for Sick Children
   Toronto, Ontario—HL-075407
3. Johns Hopkins University
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-075408
4. Asthma, Inc.
   Seattle, Washington—HL-075409
5. University of California, San Diego
   La Jolla, California—HL-075415
6. National Jewish Medical
   and Research Center
   Denver, Colorado—HL-075416
7. Johns Hopkins University
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-075417
8. Brigham and Women's Hospital
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-075419
9. University of New Mexico
   Albuquerque, New Mexico—HL-075420

Childhood Asthma Research and Education (CARE) Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 1999

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

COPD Clinical Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2003

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Early Antipseudomonal Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2004

The purpose of this study is to determine a safe, effective, and systematic approach for treating young children (ages 1 to 12 years) with CF who are found to be infected with Pseudomonas aemginosa (Pa). The goal is to intervene with antipseudomonal therapy at the first isolation of Pa to delay or prevent chronic infections that lead to irreversible lung destruction.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$836,733
Fiscal Years 2004–2007—$4,068,898
Total Funding to Date—$4,905,631

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Children's Hospital
   and Regional Medical Center
   Seattle, Washington—HL-080310

Genetic Epidemiology of COPD, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2007

The purpose of this study is to perform a genome-wide association analysis to identify the genetic risk factors that determine susceptibility for COPD and COPD-related phenotypes in a large biracial population.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$8,120,487
Fiscal Year 2007—$6,113,536
Total Funding to Date—$14,234,023

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Brigham and Women's Hospital
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-089856
2. National Jewish Medical and
   Research Center
   Denver, Colorado —HL-089897

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Infant Study of Inhaled Saline in Cystic Fibrosis (ISIS), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2008

The purpose of this randomized clinical trial is to assess the efficacy and safety of 7 percent hypertonic saline (HS) inhaled twice daily for 48 weeks among infants with CF 4 to 15 months of age at enrollment. In short-term studies, HS has been shown to improve mucociliary clearance and in long-term studies, to improve lung function, decrease the rate of pulmonary exacerbations, and improve quality of life in patients with CF over 6 years of age. The ISIS will examine infants at enrollment and weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48. Subjects will undergo lung function testing at enrollment and 24 and 48 weeks. The primary endpoint is the change in the functional residual capacity, a measure of hyperinflation, from baseline to end of treatment. Additional lung function measures will also be assessed.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$732,476
Total Funding to Date—$732,476

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Children's Hospital and Regional
   Medical Center
   Seattle, Washington—HL-092931
2. University of Washington
   Seattle, Washington—HL-092932

Pharmacogenetics of Asthma Treatment, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2000

The objective of this project is to bring together research experts in asthma, epidemiology, statistics, bioinformatics, physiology, clinical trials, genetics, and genomics to focus on the pharmacogenetics of asthma treatment.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$3,127,710
Fiscal Years 2000–2007— $20,685,719
Total Funding to Date—$23,813,429

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. Brigham and Women's Hospital
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-065899

Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis III (PIOPED III), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the pulmonary arteries in combination with magnetic resonance venography of the lower extremities for the detection of acute venous thromboembolic disease.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$3,265,909
Fiscal Years 2005–2007—$8,161,984
Total Funding to Date—$11,427,893

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Massachusetts General Hospital
   Boston, Massachusetts —HL-077149
2. University of Michigan
   Ann Arbor, Michigan—HL-077150
3. University of Calgary
   Calgary, Alberta —HL-077151
4. Emory University
   Atlanta, Georgia —HL-077153
5. Washington University
   St. Louis, Missouri—HL-077154
6. George Washington University
   Washington, DC —HL-077155
7. St. Joseph Mercy-Oakland
   Pontiac, Michigan —HL-077358
8. New York University
   New York, New York —HL-081593
9. St. Joseph Mercy-Oakland
   Pontiac, Michigan—HL-081594

Randomized Controlled Study of Adenotonsillectomy for Childhood Sleep Apnea, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this randomized controlled study is to compare adenotonsillectomy and watchful waiting followed by re-evaluation after 7 months for treatment of OSA in children aged 5 to 9 years; 50 percent of the participants will be black.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$1,345,909
Fiscal Years 2006–2007—$4,654,831
Total Funding to Date—$6,000,740

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Case Western Reserve University
   Cleveland, Ohio—HL-083075
2. University of Pennsylvania
   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—HL-083129

Sedation Management in Pediatric Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2008

The purpose of this randomized clinical trial is to test an innovative approach to sedation management in a pediatric population; 40 percent of the participants will be from minority populations. The approach involves team education and consensus on the use of sedatives in patients support on mechanical ventilation; team identification of the patient's trajectory of illness and daily prescription of a sedation goal; nurse-implemented goal-directed comfort algorithm that guides moment-to-moment titration of opioids and benzodiazepines; and team feedback on sedation management performance.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$567,715
Total Funding to Date—$567,715

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Pennsylvania
   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—HL-086622
2. Children's Hospital Boston
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-086649

Study of Acid Reflux Therapy for Children With Asthma, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

The purpose of this randomized controlled clinical trial is to investigate whether an approved proton-pump inhibitor lansoprazole will reduce asthma exacerbations in children with poorly controlled asthma, ages 6–16 years. Thirty percent of the participants will be from minority populations.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$841,425
Fiscal Years 2006–2007—$1,620,787
Total Funding to Date—$2,462,212

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Emory University
   Atlanta, Georgia—HL-080433
2. Johns Hopkins University
   Baltimore, Maryland —HL-080450

Blood Diseases and Resources

Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2001

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Bridging Anticoagulation on Patients Requiring Temporary Interruption of Warfarin Therapy for an Elective Invasive Procedure or Surgery (BRIDGE) Trial, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2008

The purpose of this trial is to determine in patients with atrial fibrillation who are on chronic warfarin therapy whether the current practice of providing low molecular weight heparin as a "bridge" before and after elective surgery (time when warfarin is suspended) is efficacious. A randomized clinical trial of 3,282 patients with atrial fibrillation will receive either therapeutic dose of low molecular weight heparin or a matching placebo before and after surgery (1,641 patients per arm); 32 percent of the participants are expected to come from minority populations. Primary efficacy outcome is arterial thromboembolism (stroke, transient ischemic attack, or systemic embolism), and primary safety outcome is major bleeding (symptomatic, clinically overt, or fatal). Researchers seek to demonstrate that "no bridging" has a risk for arterial thromboembolism equal to a bridging strategy.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$4,632,060
Total Funding to Date—$4,632,060

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Duke University
   Durham, North Carolina—HL-86755
2. Duke University
   Durham, North Carolina—HL-87229

Pharmacomechanical Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Acute DVT–ATTRACT Trial, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2008

The purpose of the ATTRACT (Acute Venous Thrombosis: Thrombus Removal With Adjunct Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis) Trial is to determine whether pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis (i.e., thrombus removal) can prevent post-thrombotic syndrome, a common complication in patients with deep vein thrombosis; 25 percent of the participants are expected to come from minority populations. Although the procedure, which is costly and potentially risky, has been demonstrated to be effective in a small selected sample population, it is not known whether it should be routinely used as the first-line treatment of acute proximal deep vein thrombosis. Research findings will greatly improve clinical practice and decrease morbidity in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis, a cornmon blood disorder.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$2,070,898
Total Funding to Date—$2,070,898

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. McMaster University
   Hamilton, Ontario—HL-088118
2. Washington University
   St. Louis, Missouri—HL-088476

Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2006

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Stroke With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea (SWITCH), Initiated in Fiscal Year 2005

The purpose of this Phase III clinical trial is to compare standard therapy (transfusions and chelation) with alternative therapy (hydroxyurea and phlebotomy) for the prevention of secondary stroke and management of iron overload in children with sickle cell anemia. Additional objectives include comparisons of growth and development, frequency of nonstroke neurological and other sickle-related events, and quality of life. The patient population will be black.

Obligations

Funding History:
Fiscal Year 2008—$3,828,227
Fiscal Years 2005–2007—$10,808,766
Total Funding to Date—$14,636,993

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
   Memphis, Tennessee—HL-078787
2. Rho Federal Systems Division, Inc.
   Chapel Hill, North Carolina —HL-078987

Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia) Clinical Research Network

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Research Network, Initiated in Fiscal Year 2002

See Chapter 11. Clinical Trials.

NHLBI Research Centers (P50) Programs

Specialized Centers of Clinically Oriented Research (P50) and Centers of Excellence in Translational Human Stem Cell Research (P50) Programs

The NHLBI initiated the Specialized Centers of Research (SCOR) program in 1971 to encourage translational research—converting basic science findings to the clinic—in high priority areas. The SCOR concept emphasized multidisciplinary research (i.e., basic science and clinical investigations) on diseases relevant to the Institute's mission. In 2002, the NHLBI revised the SCOR program—primarily on recommendation from the NHLBAC—to place more emphasis on clinical research projects. The SCCOR program still requires clinical and basic scientists to work together on a unified theme, but now requires at least 50 percent of the projects to be clinical. The SCOR program ended in 2008.

The Centers of Excellence in Translational Human Stem Cell Research program was initiated in 2005 to accelerate the translation of basic scientific discoveries in human stem cell biology to new treatments for patients. Listed below is the funding history for the individual SCCORs and Centers of Excellence supported by the Institute.

Obligations (Dollars in Thousands)

Heart and Vascular Diseases Program

Cardiac Dysfunction and Disease

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster multidisciplinary research on clinically relevant questions related to dysfunction and disease of the myocardium. The program will enable rapid application of basic science findings to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiac disorders, including ischemic and other cardiomyopathies, left ventricular dysfunction, metabolic abnormalities, heart failure, and rhythm disturbances. Because some segments of the population disproportionately suffer from heart disease, research that addresses issues of health disparity will be emphasized.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$15,352,102

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Columbia University
   Health Science Center
   New York, New York—HL-077096
2. University of Alabama at Birmingham
   Birmingham, Alabama —HL-077100
3. University of Cincinnati
   Cincinnati, Ohio —HL-077101
4. Cleveland Clinical Lerner College
   Cleveland, Ohio —HL-077107
5. Washington University
   St. Louis, Missouri —HL-077113

Pediatric Heart Development and Disease

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster multidisciplinary collaborations so that basic research advances can be translated rapidly to clinical care for children with heart disease. Research focus ranges from the genetic basis of heart valve disease to clinical trials of novel surgical strategies for congenital heart disease repair and immune modulation in pediatric heart transplantation. Two of the centers will have Clinical Research Skills Development Cores to train fellows and junior faculty in clinical research methods.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$12,046,658

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Children's Hospital Medical Center
   Cincinnati, Ohio—HL-074728
2. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—HL-074731
3. University of Pittsburgh
   Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—HL-074732
4. Children's Hospital
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-074734

Vascular Injury, Repair, and Remodeling

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster multidisciplinary, clinically relevant research on vascular injury, repair, and remodeling. The program emphasizes development and translation of basic discoveries to understand the mechanisms of vascular disease; improved detection, characterization, staging, and management of vascular disease through use of cutting-edge methodologies, such as nanotechnology, molecular imaging, genomics, proteomics, and quantitative systems analysis; and development of new methods to treat vascular diseases such as cell- and gene-based therapies for regenerative medicine.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$14,426,483

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Washington University
   St. Louis, Missouri—HL-083762
2. University of Texas Health
   Science Center
   Houston, Texas—HL-083794
3. University of Pennsylvania
   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—HL-083799
4. Stanford University
   Stanford, California—HL-083800
5. Boston University Medical Campus
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-083801
6. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-083813

Lung Diseases Program

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster multidisciplinary research to accelerate progress in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of COPD. The program will include a broad spectrum of basic and clinical research that will encompass animal models of COPD pathogenesis, human proteomic, genetic and genomic investigations, technologically refined disease phenotypes classification, and the development of new experimental therapeutic interventions.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$10,959,666

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Washington University
   St. Louis, Missouri—HL-084922
2. Weill Medical College
   of Cornell University
   New York, New York—HL-084936
3. Johns Hopkins University
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-084945
4. University of Pittsburgh
   Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania —HL-084948

Host Factors in Chronic Lung Diseases

The purpose of this SCCOR is to identify alterations in host responses and lung homeostasis and to determine how the dysregulation contributes to development or progression of chronic lung diseases. Enhanced understanding of these processes should facilitate identification of new targets for intervention, providing the basis for development of new therapeutic options for prevention and treatment of chronic lung diseases.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$8,057,527

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Duke University
   Durham, North Carolina—HL-084917
2. Children's Hospital
   Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—HL-084932
3. University of North Carolina
   Chapel Hill, North Carolina—HL-084934

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

The objective of this SCCOR is to facilitate multidisciplinary research that proposes original hypotheses and applies cutting-edge approaches, including genomics and proteomics, to clinical issues in pulmonary vascular disease.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$6,352,758

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. University of Colorado at Denver
   Denver, Colorado—HL-084923
2. Johns Hopkins University
   Baltimore, Maryland —HL-084946

Blood Diseases and Resources Program

Hemostatic and Thrombotic Disorders

The purpose of this SCCOR is to conduct multidisciplinary research to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombotic and bleeding disorders. The program will support rapid translation of basic science findings into clinical application.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$8,076,374

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Vanderbilt University
   Nashville, Tennessee—HL-081009
2. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College
   Cleveland, Ohio—HL-081011
3. University of Pennsylvania
   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—HL-081012

Transfusion Biology and Medicine

The purpose of this SCCOR is to foster new approaches for improving the availability, efficacy, safety, and quality of blood and blood products for therapeutic uses. One of the centers has a large minority population.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$4,534,085

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Puget Sound Blood Center
   Seattle, Washington —HL-081015
2. University of California, San Francisco
   San Francisco, California —HL-081027

Centers of Excellence in Translational Human Stem Cell Research (P50) Program

The purpose of this program is to stimulate multidisciplinary collaboration among basic stem cell biologists, researchers, and clinicians with disease-specific expertise; physicians and surgeons skilled in innovative modes of cell delivery; and investigators experienced in developing and assessing animal models of human diseases to conduct projects such as preclinical studies for cell-based therapy employing human stem cells in animal models. Research findings will ultimately lead to innovative approaches for the prevention, treatment, and cure of disease, and will accelerate the translation of basic scientific discoveries into new therapies.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$1,382,673

Current Active Organization and Grant Number

1. University of California, Davis
   Davis, California—HL-085036

Basic and Translational Research Program (U54)

The NHLBI reconfigured the Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers program into a Basic and Translational Research Program (BTRP). The Program emphasizes fundamental investigations and their translation into initial studies in humans, as well as community translation to promote evidence-based clinical practice. The BTRP continues to support the Sickle Cell Disease Scholars program for the career development of young investigators and the Summer-for-Sickle Cell-Science program for research training and mentoring of high-school students. These components are part of a larger effort by NHLBI to prepare the next generation of scientists to advance the field of SCD research.

Obligation

Fiscal Year 2008—$13,586,635

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Thomas Jefferson University
   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—HL-070585
2. RHO Federal Systems Division, Inc.
   Chapel Hill, North Carolina—HL-070587
3. University of Texas
   Southwestern Medical Center
   Dallas, Texas—HL-070588
4. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
   Memphis, Tennessee—HL-070590
5. Boston Medical Center
   Boston, Massachusetts—HL-070819
6. Children's Hospital Medical Center
   Cincinnati, Ohio—HL-070871
7. Medical College of Wisconsin
   Milwaukee, Wisconsin—HL-090503
8. Howard University
   Washington, DC—HL-090508
9. Children's Hospital
   Los Angeles, California—HL-090511
10. University of Chicago
    Chicago, Illinois—HL-090513
11. Johns Hopkins University
    Baltimore, Maryland—HL-090515
12. Virginia Commonwealth University
    Richmond, Virginia—HL-090516
13. University of Miami School of Medicine
    Miami, Florida—HL-090569

Specialized Centers for Cell-Based Therapies for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases (U54) Program

The Specialized Centers for Cell-Based Therapies Program, which includes a Data and Coordinating Center, was initiated in FY 2005 to support preclinical and clinical studies for cell-based therapy for heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders. A key feature of the program is the ability to conduct preclinical studies in the first year or two of the program, in order to meet the requirements for an Investigational New Drug application prior to initiating clinical studies. Clinical studies are expected to be initiated by the beginning of the third year.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$7,337,366

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. Baylor College of Medicine
   Houston, Texas —HL-081007
2. EMMES Corporation
   Rockville, Maryland—HL-081021
3. Johns Hopkins University
   Baltimore, Maryland—HL-081028
4. Massachusetts General Hospital
   Boston, Massachusetts —HL-081030

Centers for AIDS Research (P30) Program

The NHLBI, along with five other NIH Institutes, contributes to the support of six Centers for AIDS Research that were established to provide a multidisciplinary environment that promotes basic, clinical, behavioral, and translational research activities in the prevention, detection, and treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. Almost half of the patient population comes from minority groups.

Obligations

Fiscal Year 2008—$3,686,177

Current Active Organizations and Grant Numbers

1. New York University
   School of Medicine
   New York, New York—AI-027742
2. University of Washington
   Seattle, Washington—AI-027757
3. University of California, San Francisco
   San Francisco, California—AI-027763
4. University of Alabama at Birmingham
   Birmingham, Alabama—AI-027767
5. University of California, Los Angeles
   Los Angeles, California—AI-028697
6. Baylor University
   Houston, Texas—AI-036211
7. University of California, San Diego
   La Jolla, California—AI-036214
8. Case Western Reserve University
   Cleveland, Ohio—AI-036219
9. University of Massachusetts
   Medical School
   Worcester, Massachusetts—AI-042845
10. Miriam Hospital
    Providence, Rhode Island—AI-042853
11. University of Pennsylvania
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—AI-045008
12. Emory University
    Atlanta, Georgia —AI-050409
13. University of North Carolina
    at Chapel Hill
    Chapel Hill, North Carolina—AI-050410
14. Yeshiva University
    New York, New York—AI-051519
15. University of Colorado
    Health Sciences Center
    Denver, Colorado—AI-054907
16. Vanderbilt University
    Nashville, Tennessee—AI-054999
17. Harvard Medical School
    Boston, Massachusetts—AI-060354
18. Duke University
    Durham, North Carolina—AI-064518

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