4. Disease Statistics
- Deaths From All Causes and Deaths
From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 1990 and 2010
- Deaths From Specific Cardiovascular,
Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2010
- Age-Adjusted Death Rates for
Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1963, 1990, and
2010
- Deaths Under Age 1 Year Due to
Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2010
- Prevalence of Common Cardiovascular
and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2007-2011
- Direct and Indirect Economic Costs
of Illness by Major Diagnosis, U.S., 2009
Cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases constitute a large
morbidity, mortality, and economic burden on individuals, families, and the
Nation. Common forms are atherosclerosis, hypertension, COPD, and
blood-clotting disorders—embolisms and thromboses. The most serious
atherosclerotic diseases are CHD, as manifested by heart attack and angina
pectoris, and cerebrovascular disease, as manifested by stroke.
In 2010, cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases accounted for
1,017,000 deaths and 41 percent of all deaths in the United States (p. 35). The estimated economic cost in 2009 for these diseases was $424 billion—23
percent of the total economic costs of illness, injuries, and death (p. 51). Of all diseases, heart disease is the leading cause of death; chronic lower
respiratory diseases (CLRD), which includes COPD and asthma, ranks third
(behind cancer); and cerebrovascular disease is fourth (p. 38). Cardiovascular
and lung diseases account for 3 of the 4 leading causes of death (p. 38) and 4
of the 10 leading causes of infant death (p. 44). Hypertension, asthma, CHD,
and COPD are especially prevalent and account for substantial morbidity in
Americans (p. 47).
The purpose of the biomedical research conducted by the NHLBI is
to contribute to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular, lung, and
blood diseases and sleep disorders. National disease statistics show that by
mid-20th century, morbidity and mortality from these diseases had reached
record high levels. Since then, however, substantial improvements have been
achieved, especially over the past 40 years, as shown by the significant
decline in mortality rates. Because many of these diseases begin early in
life, their early detection and control can reduce the risk of disability and
can delay death. Although important advances have been made in the treatment
and control of cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases, these diseases
continue to be a major burden on the Nation.
Mortality statistics in this chapter are for diseases or
conditions classified as the underlying cause of death. Heart failure,
however, is never truly an underlying cause even though 57,757 deaths in 2010
were nominally coded to it as the underlying cause. Therefore, in this
chapter, mortality statistics attributed to any mention of heart failure
represent it as either the underlying cause or a contributing cause of death.
Cardiovascular Diseases
-
In 2010, CVD caused 788,000 deaths—32 percent of all deaths (p. 35).
-
Heart disease is the leading cause of death; the main form, CHD, caused
380,000 deaths in 2010 (pp. 36, 38).
-
The annual number of deaths from CVD increased substantially from 1900
to 1970 and remains high (p. 37).
-
The death rate (not age-adjusted) for CVD increased from 1920 until it peaked
in 1968. Since then, the trend has been downward. In 2010, the rate was below
the all-time low in 1900 (p. 37).
-
Cerebrovascular disease, the fourth leading cause of death, accounted
for 129,000 deaths in 2010 (pp. 36, 38).
-
Heart disease is second only to all cancers combined in years of
potential life lost (p. 38).
-
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in blacks, but second to
cancer in Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians. Stroke ranks as the third
or fourth leading cause of death in the minority groups, except in American
Indians or Alaska Natives, where it ranks seventh (p. 38).
-
Deaths with heart failure as the underlying or contributing cause
increased from 1970 to 1993 and then remained constant to 2010 (p. 39).
-
From 1999 to 2010, death rates for CHD and stroke declined in
non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks; CHD and stroke death rates
decreased among Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians from 1999 to 2008 but
remained stable or increased in 2009 to 2010. CHD and stroke mortality
continues to be highest in the black population (p. 40).
-
Because of the rapid decline in mortality from CHD since the peak in
1968, there were 1,223,000 fewer deaths from CHD in 2010 than would have
occurred if there had been no decline (p. 41).
-
Substantial improvements have been made in the treatment of CVD. Since
1990, the percent of hospitalizations for AMI, stroke, and heart failure that
were discharged dead declined appreciably (p. 41).
-
From 1990 to 2010, CHD mortality declined in the United States, but
remained higher than in many other countries, particularly among females (only
selected countries are shown) (p. 42).
-
From 2001 to 2010, the percentage decline in death rates for CHD and
stroke was fairly similar for whites and blacks (p. 43).
-
A 2007–2010 national survey showed that an estimated 83.6 million
persons in the United States had CVD, including 77.9 million with hypertension
and 15.4 million with CHD (p. 47).
-
Since the 1960s, there has been a substantial reduction in the
prevalence of CVD risk factors: hypertension, smoking, and high cholesterol. During that time, the prevalence of overweight adults has consistently
increased (p. 48).
-
From 1976–1980 to 2007–2010,
the percentage of persons with hypertension who were aware of their condition,
on treatment for it, and having their blood pressure under control increased
substantially (p. 49).
-
A 2007–2010 national survey showed only about 52 percent of
hypertensive patients (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90
mmHg or on antihypertensive medication) had their condition under control (p. 49).
-
Hospitalization rates for heart failure in those aged 45 to 64 years
increased from 1971 to 1993 and remained stable to 2010. Rates for those aged
65 years and older increased from 1971 to 1998 and remained
relatively stable until 2005; rates then declined through 2010 (p. 50).
-
The estimated economic cost of CVD for 2009 was $313 billion:
- $192 billion in direct
health expenditures
- $121 billion in indirect
cost of mortality (p. 51).
Lung Diseases
-
Lung diseases, excluding lung cancer, caused an estimated 235,000 deaths
in 2010 (p. 35).
-
CLRD caused 138,000 deaths in 2010 and is the third leading cause of
death (pp. 36, 38).
-
From 2001 to 2010, death rates for asthma declined in both black
and white males and females; death rates for
COPD declined in both black and white males
but rose in both black and white females (p. 43).
-
From 1980 to 2010, infant death rates for various lung diseases declined
markedly (p. 43).
-
In 2010, of the 10 leading causes of infant mortality, 4 were lung
diseases or had a lung disease component (p. 44). From 2000 to 2010,
changes in mortality for the causes were:
- Congenital malformations
(-10 percent)
- Disorders of short
gestation (-4 percent)
- Sudden infant death
syndrome (-17 percent)
- Respiratory distress
syndrome (-48 percent).
-
In 2010, approximately one in six deaths in children under 1 year of age
was due to a lung disease (p. 44).
-
From 1990 to 2010, the CLRD death rate for females in the United States
and Finland increased appreciably compared with the rates in several other
countries (p. 45).
-
From 1999 to 2010, death rates for CLRD in males decreased in all
racial/ethnic groups except American Indians; their death rates fluctuated. In
females, death rates for CLRD increased slightly in non-Hispanic whites and
remained stable in non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, American Indians, and Asians
during the period (p. 46).
-
Among the sleep disorders from 2000 to 2010, physician office visits for
sleep apnea increased from 2.0 to 2.7 million and for insomnia increased
from 2.4 to 5.8 million (p. 46).
-
Asthma is a common chronic condition, particularly in children (pp. 47,
48, 50).
-
The economic cost of asthma, COPD, and pneumonia was $106 billion in
2009:
- $81 billion in direct
health expenditures
- $25 billion in indirect
cost of mortality (p. 51).
Blood Diseases
-
Approximately 10,000 deaths were attributed to blood diseases in 2010
(p. 35). These include the following:
- 4,900 due to anemias
- 1,900 due to coagulation
defects
- 800 due to purpura
- 2,400 due to other blood
diseases.
-
A large proportion of deaths from AMI, cerebrovascular disease, and
peripheral artery disease involve blood-clotting problems (no estimate
available).
-
In 2009, anemias cost the Nation’s economy $6 billion:
- $5 billion in direct health
expenditures
- $1 billion in indirect cost
of mortality (p. 51).
Deaths From All Causes and Deaths
From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 1990 and 2010
| Cause of Death |
1990 Number of Deaths |
1990 Percent of Total |
2010 Number of Deaths |
2010 Percent of Total |
| All Causes |
2,148,463 |
100 |
2,468,435 |
100 |
|
All Cardiovascular, Lung, and
Blood Diseases |
1,132,068 |
53 |
1,017,381 |
41 |
|
Cardiovascular
Diseases |
926,079 |
43 |
787,650 |
32 |
|
Blood |
9,365 |
<1 |
9,953 |
<1 |
|
Lung |
208,947* |
10 |
234,533** |
9 |
| All Other Causes |
1,016,395 |
47 |
1,451,054 |
59 |
* Includes 11,838 CVD deaths due to pulmonary
heart disease and 485 deaths due to sarcoidosis.
** Includes 13,808 CVD deaths involving pulmonary
heart disease and 947 deaths due to sarcoidosis.
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States,
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
|
Deaths
by Major Causes, U.S., 2010 |
Deaths
From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2010 |
Text-only with data
points |
Text-only with data
points |
*Excludes 13,808 deaths from pulmonary heart
disease and 947 deaths due to sarcoidosis.
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS. |
|
Deaths From Specific
Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2010
| Cause of Death |
Cardiovascular
Deaths (Thousands) |
Lung
Deaths (Thousands) |
Blood
Deaths (Thousands) |
| Acute Myocardial Infarction |
122 |
— |
—* |
| Other Coronary Heart Disease |
257 |
— |
— |
| Cerebrovascular Diseases (Stroke) |
129 |
— |
—* |
| Other Atherosclerosis |
26 |
— |
— |
| Pulmonary Embolism |
7 |
7** |
—* |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis |
3 |
— |
—* |
| Other Cardiovascular Diseases |
243 |
7** |
— |
| Bleeding and Red Blood Cell Diseases† |
— |
— |
10† |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
— |
135 |
— |
| Asthma |
— |
3 |
— |
| Influenza and Pneumonia |
— |
50 |
— |
| Neonatal Pulmonary Disorders |
— |
4 |
— |
| Interstitial Lung Diseases |
— |
8 |
— |
| Lung Diseases Due to External Agents |
— |
18 |
— |
| Other Lung Diseases |
— |
3 |
— |
|
Total |
788‡ |
235 |
10 |
* Deaths from pulmonary disorders also included as
CVD.
** Deaths from anemias, coagulation defects,
purpura, and other blood diseases. Deaths attributed to blood-clotting
diseases classified to AMI, stroke, and peripheral artery disease are not
included.
†Most deaths from this
cardiovascular disease can be classified as a blood-clotting disease. No good
estimate is available.
‡Numbers do not sum to
the total due to rounding.
Note: Total, excluding overlap, is 1,017,381.
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.
* Includes heart failure, cardiac dysrhythmias,
hypertensive disease, deep vein thrombosis, and other heart and blood vessel
diseases.
Note: Numbers do not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.
Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases, U.S.,
1900–2010
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States,
NCHS.
Death Rates* for Cardiovascular Diseases, U.S.,
1900–2010
*Not age-adjusted.
Source: Vital Statistics of the
United States, NCHS.
Ten Leading Causes of Death: Death Rates, U.S.,
2010
* Not age-adjusted.
** Includes 122.9 deaths
per 100,000 population from CHD (dark bar).
† CLRD is the term used in the ICD/10
for COPD and asthma.
‡Based on the average remaining
years of life up to age 78.7 years (life expectancy at birth in 2010).
Note: Diseases shown in bold are those addressed in
Institute programs.
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States,
NCHS.
Ten Leading Causes of Death Among Minority Groups,
U.S., 2010
Note: Causes of death shown in bold are those addressed in
Institute programs.
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.
Age-Adjusted Death Rates for
Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1963, 1990,
and 2010
| Cause of Death |
Deaths/100,000 Population* |
Percent Change 1963-2010 |
Percent Change 1990-2010 |
| 1963 |
1990 |
2010 |
| All Causes |
1,346 |
938 |
747 |
-45 |
-20 |
|
Cardiovascular
Diseases |
805 |
413 |
236 |
-71 |
-43 |
|
Coronary Heart
Disease |
478 |
218 |
114 |
-76 |
-48 |
|
Stroke |
174 |
69** |
39 |
-78 |
-43 |
|
Other |
153 |
125 |
83 |
-46 |
-34 |
|
Noncardiovascular
Diseases |
541 |
526 |
512 |
-5 |
-3 |
|
COPD and Asthma |
16 |
39† |
42 |
156 |
9 |
|
Other |
524 |
487 |
469 |
-11 |
-4 |
* Heart failure as the underlying
cause of death or otherwise mentioned on the death certificate.
Note:
Breaks in trend line indicate change in ICD codes.
Source: Vital Statistics
of the United States, NCHS.
Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Coronary Heart Disease
by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, U.S., 1999–2010
Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Stroke by Race/Ethnicity
and Sex, U.S., 1999–2010
Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Coronary Heart Disease,
U.S., 1950–2010
Actual Rate and Expected Rates if Rise Had Continued
or Reached a Plateau
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States,
NCHS.
Common Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases With High
Percentage Discharged Dead From Hospitals, U.S., 1990, 2000, and 2010
Source: National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS),
NCHS.
Death Rates* for Coronary Heart Disease in Males,
Ages 35–74, in Selected Countries, 1990–2010
* Age-adjusted to the European Standard
Population.
** United Kingdom for 2008–2010; England and Wales for
1990–2007.
Source: WHO Mortality
Database.
Death Rates* for Coronary Heart Disease in Females,
Ages 35–74, in Selected Countries, 1990–2010
* Age-adjusted to the European Standard
Population.
** United Kingdom for 2008–2010; England and Wales for
1990–2007.
Source: WHO Mortality
Database.
Percent Change in Age-Adjusted Death Rates for
Selected Causes by Race and Sex, U.S., 2001–2010
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States,
NCHS.
Death Rates for Lung Diseases in Infants, U.S.,
1980–2010
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States,
NCHS.
Ten Leading Causes of Infant Mortality, U.S.,
2010
* Congenital CVD and congenital respiratory
diseases accounted for 43.1 deaths under age 1 per 100,000 live births (black
bar), which is 34 percent of infant deaths due to all congenital malformations.
** From 2000 to 2010, congenital CVD declined 27
percent; congenital malformations of the respiratory system declined 41
percent; other congenital malformations increased 7 percent.
Note: Diseases shown in bold are those addressed
in Institute programs.
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States,
NCHS.
Deaths Under Age 1 Year Due to
Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2010
| Cause of Death |
Deaths Under Age 1 |
Text-only with
data points |
| All Causes |
24,586 |
| Cardiovascular Diseases |
1,831 |
|
Congenital Malformations
|
1,324 |
|
Other |
507 |
|
Lung Diseases |
3,985 |
|
Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome |
2,063 |
|
Respiratory Distress
Syndrome |
514 |
|
Pneumonia |
179 |
|
Bronchopulmonary
Dysplasia (BPD) |
56 |
|
Atelectasis |
248 |
|
Congenital
Malformations |
399 |
|
Other Lung Diseases
|
526 |
| Other Diseases |
18,770 |
Note: Diseases shown in bold are those addressed in
Institute programs.
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States,
NCHS.
Death Rates* for Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases
in Males, Ages 35 Years and Older, in Selected Countries, 1990–2010
* Age-adjusted to the European Standard
Population.
** United Kingdom for 2008–2010; England and Wales for
1990–2007
Source: WHO Mortality Database.
Death Rates* for Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases
in Females, Ages 35 Years and Older, in Selected Countries,
1990–2010
* Age-adjusted to the European Standard
Population.
** United Kingdom for 2008–2010; England and Wales for
1990–2007
Source: WHO Mortality Database.
Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Chronic Lower
Respiratory Diseases by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, U.S., 1999–2010
* Non-Hispanic.
Source: Vital
Statistics of the United States, NCHS.
Physician Office Visits for Sleep Disorders, U.S.,
2000–2010
Note: Primary and secondary diagnoses.
Source:
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, NCHS.
Prevalence of Common
Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2007–2011
| Disease |
Number of Persons |
| Cardiovascular Diseases* |
83,600,000 |
| Hypertension** |
77,900,000 |
| Coronary Heart Disease |
15,400,000 |
| Heart Failure |
5,100,000 |
| Stroke |
6,800,000 |
| Congenital Heart Disease† |
1,000,000 |
| Asthma‡ |
39,500,000 |
| COPD§ |
12,700,000 |
* Hypertension, CHD, stroke, or
heart failure. Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140
mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or being on antihypertensive
medication.
Source: NHANES, 2007–2010, NCHS.
Prevalence of Common Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases
by Age, U.S., 2007–2011
Source: NHIS and NHANES, NCHS.
Age-Adjusted Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease
Risk Factors in Adults, U.S., 1961–2011
Notes:
Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic
blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or being on antihypertensive medication. High
cholesterol is ≥240 mg/dL. Overweight is BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Data were collected at six time periods: 1960–1961 (plotted at 1961), 1971–1974
(plotted at 1972), 1976–1980 (plotted at 1978), 1988–1994 (plotted at 1991),
1999–2002 (plotted at 2002), 2003–2006 (plotted at 2006), and 2007–2010
(plotted at 2010).
Sources: NHIS for smoking, ages ≥18, NCHS;
NHANES for the other risk factors, ages 20–74, NCHS.
Hypertensive* Population Aware, Treated, and
Controlled, Ages 18 and Older, U.S., 1976–1980 to 2007–2010
* Hypertension is defined as
systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure
> 90 mm Hg, or being on antihypertensive medication.
Source:
NHANES, NCHS.
Adult Population With Hypertension* by Age,
Race/Ethnicity, and Sex, U.S., 2007–2010
* Hypertension is systolic
blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, or
being on antihypertensive medication.
** Non-Hispanic.
Sources: NHANES, NCHS.
Hospitalization Rates for Heart Failure, Ages
45–64 and 65 and Older, U.S., 1971–2010
Source: NHDS, NCHS.
Prevalence of Asthma Episodes in Previous 12
Months by Age, U.S., 1997–2011
Source: NHIS, NCHS.
Direct and Indirect Economic Costs
of Illness by Major Diagnosis, U.S., 2009
| |
Amount
(Dollars in Billions) Direct Cost* |
Amount
(Dollars in Billions) Indirect Cost of Mortality** |
Amount
(Dollars in Billions) Total |
Percent
Distribution Direct Cost |
Percent
Distribution Indirect Cost of Mortality |
Percent
Distribution
Total |
| Cardiovascular Diseases |
$192.1 |
$120.5 |
$312.6 |
15.2% |
20.0% |
16.8% |
| COPD, Asthma, Pneumonia |
81.5 |
24.6 |
106.1 |
6.5 |
4.1 |
5.7 |
| Anemias and Other Deficiencies |
4.7 |
1.2 |
5.8 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
| Subtotal |
278.2 |
146.2 |
424.4 |
22.1 |
24.3 |
22.8 |
| Neoplasms |
86.6 |
130.0 |
216.6 |
6.9 |
21.6 |
11.6 |
| Injury and Poisoning |
83.2 |
95.9 |
179.1 |
6.6 |
15.9 |
9.6 |
| Endocrine, Nutritional, and
Metabolic Diseases |
110.9 |
23.5 |
134.4 |
8.8 |
3.9 |
7.2 |
| Diseases of the Digestive
System |
85.2 |
29.2 |
114.5 |
6.8 |
4.9 |
6.1 |
| Diseases of the Respiratory
System† |
97.7 |
31.7 |
129.4 |
7.8 |
5.3 |
6.9 |
| Diseases of the Musculoskeletal
System |
125.0 |
3.1 |
128.1 |
9.9 |
0.5 |
6.9 |
| Diseases of the Nervous System |
78.3 |
16.0 |
94.3 |
6.2 |
2.6 |
5.1 |
| Mental Disorders |
79.8 |
8.1 |
87.9 |
6.3 |
1.3 |
4.7 |
| Diseases of the Genitourinary
System |
66.6 |
8.2 |
74.8 |
5.3 |
1.4 |
4.0 |
| Infectious and Parasitic
Diseases |
22.3 |
23.9 |
46.2 |
1.8 |
4.0 |
2.5 |
| Normal Live Birth |
33.4 |
— |
33.4 |
2.7 |
— |
1.8 |
| Diseases of the Skin |
22.7 |
0.8 |
23.5 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
1.3 |
| Other and Not Linked to Specific
Condition |
171.5 |
110.7 |
282.1 |
13.6 |
18.4 |
15.1 |
| Total |
$1,260.0 |
$602.8 |
$1,862.8 |
100% |
100% |
100% |
* Direct costs are personal health care
expenditures for hospital and professional services care, prescribed
medications, and home care reported by the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey
(MEPS), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), by diagnosis, excluding
nursing home care costs and costs due to comorbidities.
** The mortality cost for each disease group was
estimated for 2009 by multiplying the number of deaths by age, sex, and cause
of death in 2009 by the 2009 present value of lifetime earnings discounted at 3
percent.
† Includes costs for COPD,
asthma, and pneumonia.
Note: Estimates are not available for total lung
diseases and blood clotting disorders.
Source:
Prepared by NHLBI from direct costs on the MEPS Web site; numbers of deaths
from Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS; present value of lifetime
earnings from the Institute for Health and Aging, University of California. Total direct cost obtained from MEP Statistical Brief #355, National Health
Care Expenses in the U.S. Civilian Noninstitutionalized Population, 2009.
Total Economic Costs of the Leading Diagnostic
Groups, U.S., 2009
Source: MEPS, AHRQ.
Direct Economic Cost and Percent Distribution for
Selected Conditions by Type of Service, U.S., 2009
| |
Percent Distribution by Type of Service |
| Condition |
Total Direct Cost (in
Billions) |
Hospital Outpatient or Office-Based Provider Visits |
Hospital
Inpatient Stays |
Emergency
Room Visits |
Prescribed Medicines |
Home
Health |
| Heart Disease |
$99.2 |
21.6% |
56.8% |
5.6% |
8.6% |
7.4% |
| COPD, Asthma |
64.2 |
28.0 |
26.1 |
4.9 |
34.1 |
6.9 |
| Hypertension |
47.5 |
29.6 |
12.4 |
2.7 |
45.1 |
10.2 |
| Hyperlipidemia |
37.3 |
28.8 |
1.9 |
0.3 |
66.5 |
2.4 |
| Stroke |
22.8 |
19.4 |
47.1 |
2.5 |
4.5 |
26.4 |
| Other Circulatory Conditions |
22.6 |
29.4 |
58.5 |
3.5 |
4.1 |
4.5 |
| Pneumonia |
17.3 |
6.4 |
82.0 |
6.7 |
1.9 |
2.9 |
| Anemias |
4.7 |
29.4 |
57.1 |
0.3 |
9.3 |
3.9 |
Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, Household
Component Summary Data Tables.
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