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4. Disease Statistics

Deaths From All Causes and Deaths From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 1983 and 2003
Deaths From Specific Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2003
Death Rates for Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1963, 1983, and 2003
Deaths Under Age 1 Year Due to Cardiovascular and Lung Diseases, U.S., 2003
Prevalence of Common Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2003
Direct and Indirect Economic Costs of Illness by Major Diagnosis, U.S., 2006

Cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases constitute a large morbidity, mortality, and economic burden on individuals, families, and the Nation. Common forms are atherosclerosis, hypertension, COPD, and blood-clotting disorders—embolisms and thromboses. The most serious atherosclerotic diseases are CHD, as manifested by heart attack and angina pectoris, and cerebrovascular disease, as manifested by stroke.

In 2003, cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases accounted for 1,150,000 deaths and 47 percent of all deaths in the United States (p. 39). The projected economic cost in 2006 for these diseases is expected to be $560 billion, 22 percent of the total economic costs of illness, injuries, and death (p. 55). Of all diseases, heart disease is the leading cause of death, cerebrovascular disease is third (behind cancer), and COPD (including asthma) ranks fourth (p. 42). Cardiovascular and lung diseases account for 3 of the 4 leading causes of death (p. 42) and 5 of the 10 leading causes of infant death (p. 48). Hypertension, heart disease, asthma, and chronic bronchitis are especially prevalent and account for substantial morbidity in Americans (p. 51). Increases in prevalence have been greatest for asthma and heart failure.

The purpose of the biomedical research conducted by the NHLBI is to contribute to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases. National disease statistics show that by mid-century, morbidity and mortality from these diseases had reached record high levels. Since then, however, substantial improvements have been achieved, especially over the past 40 years, as shown by the significant decline in mortality rates. Because many of these diseases begin early in life, their early detection and control can reduce the risk of disability and can delay death. Although important advances have been made in the treatment and control of cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases, these diseases continue to be a major burden on the Nation.

Cardiovascular Diseases

In 2003, CVD caused 911,000 deaths—37 percent of all deaths (p. 39).
Heart disease is the leading cause of death; the main form, CHD, caused 479,000 deaths in 2003 (pp. 40, 42).
The annual number of deaths from CVD increased substantially between 1900 and 1970 and remains high (p. 41).
The death rate (not age-adjusted) for CVD increased from 1920 until it peaked in 1968. Since then, the trend has been downward. In 2003, the rate was similar to the rate in 1930 (p. 41).
Cerebrovascular disease, the third leading cause of death, accounted for 158,000 deaths in 2003 (pp. 40, 42).
Heart disease is second only to all cancers combined in years of potential life lost (p. 42).
Among minority groups, heart disease ranks first, and stroke ranks fifth or higher as the leading causes of death (p. 42).
The rapid increase in deaths due to heart failure between 1970 and 2003 is a major exception to the mortality decline in CVD (p. 43).
Between 1985 and 2002, death rates for heart disease and stroke declined in men and women of all racial/ethnic groups. Declines in death rates for heart disease were greatest in whites and for stroke, were greatest in blacks (p. 44).
Because of the rapid decline in mortality from CHD since the peak in 1968, there were 941,000 fewer deaths from CHD in 2003 than would have occurred if there had been no decline (p. 45).
Substantial improvements have been made in the treatment of CVD. Since 1975 or 1985, case-fatality rates from hospitalized AMI, stroke, heart failure, and cardiac dysrhythmia declined appreciably (p. 45).
The decline in CHD mortality began earlier in the United States than in most countries and outpaced that in most countries (only selected countries are shown) (p. 46).
Between 1993 and 2003, the percent decline in death rates for CHD was greatest among white males and least among black females (p. 47).
In 2003, an estimated 71.3 million persons in the United States had some form of CVD, 65 million had hypertension, and 13 million had CHD (p. 51).
Since the 1960s, there has been a substantial reduction in the prevalence of CVD risk factors: hypertension, smoking, and high cholesterol, but not overweight. The decline in prevalence of hyperten-sion ceased in 1990; since then the prevalence has increased (p. 52).
Between 1976–80 and 1999–2002, the percent of persons with hypertension who were aware of their condition, on treatment for it, and having their blood pressure under control increased substantially (p. 53).
A 1999–2002 national survey showed only about one-third of hypertensive patients (systolic BP ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg or on antihypertensive medication) had their condition under control (p. 53).
Hospitalization rates for heart failure increased between 1971 and 2003 (p. 54).
The estimated economic cost of CVD for 2006 is approximately $403 billion:
- $258 billion in direct health expenditures
- $36 billion in indirect cost of morbidity
- $110 billion in indirect cost of mortality (p. 55).

Lung Diseases

Lung diseases, excluding lung cancer, caused an estimated 243,000 deaths in 2003 (p. 39).
COPD caused 122,000 deaths in 2003 and is the fourth leading cause of death (pp. 40, 42).
Between 1993 and 2003, death rates for COPD increased substantially in women and decreased in men; mortality for asthma decreased appreciably (p. 47).
Between 1980 and 2003, infant death rates for various lung diseases declined markedly (p. 45).
Of the eight leading causes of infant mortality, four are lung diseases or have a lung disease component (p. 48). Between 1993 and 2003, changes in mortality for the causes were:
- Congenital anomalies (-14 percent)
- Disorders of short gestation (-<1 percent)
- Sudden infant death syndrome (-60 percent)
- Respiratory distress syndrome (-57 percent).
Lung diseases accounted for 18 percent of all deaths of children under 1 year of age in 2003 (p. 48).
The COPD death rate for women in the United States is increasing significantly compared with the rates in several other countries (p. 49).
Between 1985 and 2002, death rates for COPD increased for women in all racial/ethnic groups except Asian. For men, they increased in American Indians, decreased in whites and Asians, and were essentially flat in blacks and Hispanics (p. 50).
Sleep disorders are increasingly being recognized as an important health problem. The number of physician office visits for sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy increased from 1,046,927 in 1990 to 5,798,762 in 2003 (p. 50).
Asthma is a common chronic condition, particularly in children (pp. 51, 52, 54).
The economic cost of lung diseases is expected to be $144 billion in 2006—$87 billion in direct health expenditures and $57 billion in indirect cost of morbidity and mortality (p. 55).

Blood Diseases

An estimated 242,000 deaths, 10 percent of all deaths, were attributed to blood diseases in 2003 (p. 39). These include the following:
- 232,000 due to blood-clotting disorders
- 10,000 to diseases of the red blood cell and bleeding disorders (p. 40).
A large proportion of deaths from AMI and cerebrovascular disease involve blood-clotting problems (p. 40).
In 2006, blood-clotting disorders are expected to cost the Nation’s economy $94 billion, and other blood diseases will cost $13 billion (p. 55).
The mean age at death for persons with sickle cell anemia increased from about 28 years in 1979 to 37.3 years in 2002 (not shown).

Deaths From All Causes and Deaths From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 1983 and 2003

Cause of Death	Number of Deaths	Percent of Total	Number of Deaths	Percent of Total
	1983		2003
All Causes	2,019,000	100	2,444,000	100
All Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases	1,149,000	57	1,150,000	47
Cardiovascular Diseases	992,000	49	911,000	37
Blood	321,000*	16	242,000**	10
Lung	162,000†	8	243,000‡	10
All Other Causes	870,000	43	1,294,000	53

*Includes 314,000 CVD deaths involving blood-clotting diseases.
**Includes 232,000 CVD deaths involving blood-clotting diseases.
†Includes 12,000 CVD deaths due to pulmonary heart disease.
‡Includes 14,000 CVD deaths due to pulmonary heart disease.
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).

Deaths by Major Causes, U.S., 2003	Deaths From Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2003
Text-only with data points	Text-only with data points
*Excludes deaths from pulmonary heart disease (14,000). †Excludes deaths from blood-clotting disorders and pulmonary embolism (232,000).

Cause of Death	Cardiovascular	Lung	Blood
Deaths From Specific Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases, U.S., 2003
	Deaths (Thousands)
Acute Myocardial Infarction	171	-	116*
Other Coronary Heart Disease	308	-	-
Heart Failure	57	-	-
Cerebrovascular Diseases (Stroke)	158	-	103*
Other Atherosclerosis	38	-	4*
Pulmonary Embolism	9	9*	9*
Other Cardiovascular Diseases	170	5*	-
Bleeding and Red Blood Cell Diseases	-	-	10
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	-	122	-
Asthma	-	4	-
Other Airway Diseases	-	1	-
Pneumonia	-	63	-
Neonatal Pulmonary Disorders	-	5	-
Interstitial Lung Diseases	-	6	-
Lung Diseases Due to External Agents	-	19	-
Other Lung Diseases	-	9	-
Total	911	243	242
*Deaths from clotting or pulmonary disorders also are included as cardiovascular deaths. Note: Total, excluding overlap, is 1,150,000. Source: Estimated by the NHLBI from Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 2003	Deaths From Lung Diseases, U.S., 2003	Deaths From Blood Diseases, U.S., 2003
Text-only with data points	Text-only with data points	Text-only with data points
*Includes cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertensive disease, and other heart and blood vessel diseases.		Source: Estimated by the NHLBI from Vital Statistics of the United States, NCHS.

Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases, U.S., 1900–2003